Apparatus for biaxial orientation of thermoplastic film

ABSTRACT

An apparatus for biaxially orienting thermoplastic film, comprising two distinct stretching zones: the first zone imparting transverse stretch to the film, and the second zone imparting longitudinal stretch to the film. Continuous edge restraint of the web is maintained and the apparatus is so constructed that both transverse and longitudinal orientation occur within the confines of a single substantially uniformly heated chamber.

United States Patent Fisher Oct. 16, 1973 [54] APPARATUS FOR BIAXIAL ORIENTATION 2,618,012 11/1952 Milne 26/57 RUX or: THERMOPLASTIC FILM 2,728,941 1/1956 Alles et al 26/54 3,055,048 9/1962 Koppehele 26/62 1 lnvemofl Robert Fisher, Falrporti 3,248,753 5/1966 Kobayashi et al. 26/57 I v 3,256,558 6/1966 Andersen et al 26/57 [73] Assignee: Mobil Oil Corporation, New York, 3,611,479 10 1971 Wicksall 26/54 I FOREIGN PATENTS OR APPLICATIONS [22] Flledi 1972 759,169 11 1933 France 26/61 B [21] Appl. No.: 217,276

Primary Examiner-Robert R. Mackey Related Apphcanon Data Attorney-Oswald G. Hayes et al. [62] Division of Ser. No. 854,471, Sept. 2, 1969, Pat. No. v

. [57] ABSTRACT U-S. Cl- An apparatus for orienting thermoplastic [51] Int. Cl. D06c 3/00 fil comprising two distinct stretching zones: the first Fleld of Search R, B, zone imparting transverse stretch to the film and the 26/68 second zone imparting longitudinal stretch to the film. Continuous edge restraint of the web is maintained References Cited and the apparatus is so constructed that both trans- UNITED STATES PATENTS verse and longitudinal orientation occur within the 3,124,429 3 1964 Alexeff elal. 26 54x confines of a Single Substantially uniformly heated 2,473,404 6/1949 Young Chamber. 2,560,038 7 /1951 Trainer 26/54 x 2 Claims, 9 Drawing Figures leuoz 3 Sheets-Sheet l Patented Oct. 16, 1973 3,765.067

3 Sheets-Sheet 2 Patented Oct. 16, 1973 3,765,067

5 Sheets-Sheet 3 APPARATUS FOR BIAXIAL ORIENTATION OF THERMOPLASTIC FILM CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This application is a divisional of application Ser. No. 5 854,471, filed Sept. 2, 1969, and issued July 11, 1972, as U.S. Pat. No. 3,676,539.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present application is directed to an improved method for the production of biaxially oriented polypropylene films, including the biaxial orientation of a quenched polypropylene base web employing the sequential steps of extrusion, quenching, preheating and stretching sequentially in bilateral directions under carefully controlled conditions of temperature, stretching ratios and stretching rates in order to achieve optimum film characteristics including a high tensile modulus and exceptionally uniform gauge, with a minimum of gauge variation in the transverse and longitudinal directions thereof.

2. Description of the Prior Art The prior art discloses processes which teach distinct transverse and machine direction orientations as separate sequential operations under specific temperatures utilizing at least two separate pieces of equipment with a uniaxial orientation taking place in each piece of equipment, forexample U.S. Pat. No. 3,217,073. In the prior art, the sum of both uniaxial orientations (one orientation step being conducted at 90 with respect to the other) yields a biaxially oriented film product.

SUMMARY OF- THE INVENTION ln'general, the present application is directed to a method for the production of biaxially oriented polypropylene film which comprises a sequence of process steps under carefully controlled conditions of temperature, stretch ratios and stretch rates whereby an oriented filmproduct is produced which exhibits properties far superior to oriented film heretofore produced in accord with the prior art techniques previously discussed. In particular, the present invention provides a method for the production of biaxially oriented film wherein both the transverse and the machine direction orientation steps are performed within the confines of a single orienting chamber such as, for example, a textile type tenter frame, which frames are commonly employed to effect only transverse orientation of thermoplastic films. The present orientation method differs from the prior art techniques commonly employed in that both the transverse and machine direction orientations are accomplished in what has been previously described in the prior art as the transverse direction orienter. In accord with the method of the present invention, the requisite orientation temperatures which are maintained within the confines of the enclosed tenter utilizing, for example, heated air, enables both the transverse and longitudinal orientation process to be accomplished under conditions eliminating certain precise stepwise temperature controls required by prior art processes wherein the transverse orientation was effected in a chamber separate from the machine direction orientation chamber. Film non-uniformity, such as gauge variations, primarily resulting from temperature non-uniformities, is accordingly-minimized. The present method eliminates the sequential steps of heating,

cooling and reheating, commonly practiced in the prior art, whereby the orientation process control is accordingly considerably simplified.

The orientation process of the present invention may be better understood by reference to the following sequential process steps: I. Extrusion and Quench Polypropylene resin is extruded in the form of a base web into a set of rotating, spaced, temperature controlled rollers and through said rollers into a liquid cooling medium or quench bath. The rollers may be partially submerged in a liquid cooling bath so that the extrudate emerges from the rollers directly into the liquid cooling medium, or the rollers may be positioned above the liquid coolingbath, in which case the extrudate emerges in air immediately prior to immersion in the quench bath. In the latter case, care is taken to minimize or substantially eliminate water carry-over onto the film surface by the partially submerged rollers by the employment of squeegee devices and/or air knives directed against the roller surfaces.

II. Preheat Uniformly preheating the polypropylene base sheet to a temperature above about 280 F. and preferably to a temperature within the range of from about 285 to about 315 F. but below the temperature at which the base polypropylene sheet loses sufficient mechanical strength to withstand the stresses imparted during the transverse stretching step.

III. Transverse Orientation Stretching the base polypropylene sheet in a transverse direction at least 400 percent by gripping the film at each edge and increasing the distance between said edges as the film is moved in a longitudinal direction.

While the film is beingstretched in the transverse direction, the film is completely enclosed in a textile type tenter frame and is heated during the transverse stretching step utilizing, for example, infrared radiation or hot air circulating from plenums located within the tenter. The air temperature within the tenter ov'en may range from about 300 to 450 F. and preferably from about 350 to 400 F. IV. Longitudinal Orientation The transversely stretched film is immediately stretched lengthwise at least 400 percent while restraining its edges to prevent spontaneous lateral contraction thereof. The longitudinal orientation is achieved by a set of S-wrap rollers located outside of the tenter enclosure which are operated at speeds which cause the film to be stretched after passing from the diverging section of the tenter-into the machine direction orientation section where the edges of the film are maintained in substantially parallel relationship. During the lengthwise stretching of the film, the temperature thereof may be maintained at approximately the same temperature as that employed during the transverse direction orientation. Dependent upon desired final film physical properties the machine direction orientation film temperature may alternatively be maintained slightly above or below, within 10 F., of the film temperature during transverse direction orientation.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is an overhead view, largely diagrammatic, of a portion of the orientation apparatus of the present invention showing in particular the arrangement, within the confines of the tenter frame, employed to effect transverse and longitudinal direction stretching of the film.

FIG. 1(a) is a side elevational view of the machine direction draw rollers shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 1(b) is an illustration, largely schematic, of a side elevational view of the base film extrusion and quench system which may be employed in the method of the present invention.

FIG. 1(a) is a schematic overhead view of the base web forming rollers illustrated in FIG. 1(b).

FIG. 2 is a fragmentary, side elevational view of a section of the edge restraining mechanism employed to restrain the film edges during the transverse and longitudinal direction stretching operation being engaged by one of the rotating sprocket members illustrated in FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is an overhead view, largely schematic, of a portion of the edge restraining mechanism being engaged by the sprocket members illustrated in FIG. 1.

FIG. 4 is an enlarged fragmentary view of a section of the edge restraining mechanism illustrated in FIG. 1 showing engagement thereof with the film material being oriented.

FIG. 5 is an overhead view of the edge restraining mechanism illustrated in FIG. 4.

FIG. 6 is an end elevational view of the edge restraining mechanism illustrated in FIG. 4.

DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS As hereinbefore discussed, the orientation method of the present invention comprises the sequential steps of extrusion of a polypropylene melt; passage of the melt through a spaced set of calender rolls and into a quench bath; preheating the polypropylene base web to a suitable orientation temperature; stretching the base sheet initially in the transverse direction and immediately thereafter subjecting the transversely stretched base sheet to a machine direction draw within the confines of a single orientation chamber, such as a tenter frame for example. Applicant has found that orientation in biaxial directions utilizing a single orientation chamber is facilitated by the employment of the novel edge restraining mechanisms employed in the method of the present invention which will be more fully described hereinafter. More importantly, the method. of the present invention allows production of a biaxially oriented film product having extremely uniform gauge and excellent tensile modulus properties. I

A better understanding of the method of the present invention may be had by reference to the accompanying drawings and in particular FIG. 1 thereof which illustrates base film F as it passes through the orientation apparatus of the present invention. It will be noted in FIG. 1 that the tenter enclosure 64 has only been schematically represented for purposes of clarity to illustrate the method employed in the present invention. The base film is formed by extrusion of a polypropylene melt through a specially designed die orifice which regulates the flow of molten polymer whereby the molten base web which emerges from the die orifice is characterized by having continuous edge beads or enlarged bulbulous portions running along the opposite longitudinal edges thereof. Subsequently, the base web is passed into a rotating set of nip rollers 14 which are partially submerged in water bath 16. At least one of the nip rollers is provided with a pair of circumferentially extending recesses at opposite ends thereof which accommodate the excess molten material at opposite edges of the extruded base web and further assist in defining a thickened longitudinal edge bead on opposite sides of the base web area, as the longitudinally extending bead portion identified as B in FIG. 1. The extrusion and bead formation operation having been completed, the base web is continuously withdrawn from the water bath by means of take up rollers18 and subsequently passed through preheat section 19 which comprises an infrared oven employed to uniformly preheat the quenched base web prior to passage thereof into zone 1 of the tenter. In zone 1 of the tenter, the beaded edges of the film are engaged by the edge bead restraining mechanism which is more clearly illustrated in FIGS. 4, 5 and 6 and described in detail hereinafter. After the beaded edge is engaged by the edge restraining mechanism, a portion of which is carried on a continually rotating endless chain, the film is stretched in a transverse direction in zone 1 of the tenter enclosure as illustrated in FIG. 1 by virtue of the divergence of the edge restraining mechanisms. As the transversely stretched film continually progresses from zone 1 to zone 2 of the stretching mechanism illustrated in FIG. I, the edges of the film are brought into substantially parallel relationship by virtue of the convergence of the edge restraining mechanism to such a parallel relationship. In zone 2, the transversely stretched film is stretched in the longitudinal direction by virtue of the machine direction draw rollers 63 located immediately adjacent the exit end of the tenter enclosure. The draw rollers 63 are operated at a higher speed than continuous tenter chain 62 whereby longitudinal stretch is imparted to the base web in zone 2. It will be noted that substantially no longitudinal stretch is imparted to the film F in zone 1 of the stretching mechanism by virtue of the divergence therein of the film edges whereby the stretching forces applied to the film by rollers 63 are only able to act on the film F in zone 2 wherein the edges of the film assume a parallel relationship and the restrained film edges are free to longitudinally slide through the edge bead restraining mechanism. Further, it will be noted that during both the transverse direction stretching and the longitudinal direction stretching, the edges of the film are continually restrained whereby, as contrasted to prior art processes described hereinbefore, the transversely stretched film is notallowed to neck in intermediate transverse direction zone 1 and longitudinal stretching zone 2, which neck in may result in undesirable final film physical properties.

As the biaxially oriented polypropylene film is withdrawn from machine direction stretch rollers 63, the arrangement of which rollers is more clearly illustrated in FIG. 1(a) which is a side elevational view of rollers 63, the edge beads of the film are trimmed off and returned to the base web extruder 12 as recycle material and the trimmed film is passed onto further processing such as surface treatment, coating or annealing for example.

The edge bead restraining mechanism hereinbefore discussed which is employed in the orientation process of the present invention is more clearly illustrated in FIGS. 4, 5 and 6. The mechanism comprises a continuous series of nip rollers 51 which are mounted on shaft members 60. Nip rollers 51 rotate around internal bearing race 59. A continuous series of nip rollers 51 which are spaced close together extend in a longitudinal direction on both sides of the tenter enclosure.

When the base film is threaded into the tenter enclosure, the longitudinal edge bead carried along opposite sides of the base film is threaded beneath nip rollers 51 and engaged on its undersurface by clip plate member 52 which bears in nipping relationship against nip rollers 51. Clip plate 52 is characterized by having clip plate surface 58 whereby the edge bead is restrained behind the nip formed by clip plate surface 58 and nip rollers 51. Clip plate member 52 is mounted, for example by bolt member 61, on a continuous link chain 56. In operation, the series of freely rotating nip rollers 51 are stationary, i.e., they are permanently mounted on longitudinally extending tenter rails (not shown) and are free to rotate but do not move in a longitudinal direction. Conversely, clip plate 52 mounted on link chain 56 is continually advancing with the forward movement of the film, while retaining the bead edge during its course through the enclosed tenter assembly. Nip rollers 51 are mounted on nip roller plate 51'. As more clearly illustrated in FIG. 6, the movement of nip roller plate 51' in a vertical direction is limited by the positioning of adjustable nip gap stone member 54. The amount of pressure it is desired to employ to insure adequate retention of the edge bead in the nip formed by nip rollers 51 and clip plate surface 58 may be adjusted utilizing the spring-loaded, nip pressure adjusting member 53 which extends through nip roller plate 51 and nip roller base plate 51". Nip roller plate 51' and nip roller base plate 51 are joined together by hinge member 57 and hinge plate members 55. Accordingly, in operation, as the film advances through the edge bead restraining mechanism within the tenter enclosure, the edge restraining mechanism of the present invention, in addition to positively restraining the edge bead, accommodates to any gauge fluctuation along the base web portion adjacent the edge bead whereby nip rollers 51 are free to move in a verticaldirection while still maintaining desirable edge bead restrainingpressure at the nip by virtue of spring-loaded, nip pressure adjusting member-S3. Pairs of rotating sprocket wheels 62 located at the entrance and at terminus of the tenter enclosure engage and drive continuous link chains 56 during the course of their travel through the tenter enclosure as they advance clip plates 52 through the tenter and carry them on their return travel to the tenter entrance.

EXAMPLE 1 Eighty percent, based upon the total weight of feed stock of virgin polypropylene resin pellets identified by the manufacturer as Eastman Tentite 423-DF, and having the following properties: 3

Melt Index 4.5

Crystalline Melting Point F. 330

Inherent Viscosity 1.4-1.6 Molecular Weight l0 0 )Q9-l20,000 Density (grams/cc.) 0.902

Vicat Softening Point, F. 293

were admixed with percent by weight of chopped polypropylene edge bead trim recycle material and fed through resin feed hopper (11) and into extruder l2. Extruder 12 was a standard 2 h inch extruder with a 20/1 length to diameter ratio. The barrel temperature of extruder 12 was maintained, adjacent the feed zone thereof, at 375 F. The temperature of the barrel and extruder 12 at a point immediately adjacent die 13 was maintained at about 1,160 psi and the screw speed of the extruder was 50 rpm. The temperature of the polypropylene melt as it was extruded through die 13 was approximately 409 F. Upon emerging from the die orifice, the polypropylene base web was passed into the nip formed by counterrotating rollers 14. Die orifice 13 was positioned a distance of approximately 1.75 inches from the nip formed by rollers 14. Rollers 14 were spaced approximately 26.5 mils apart and were rotated at a speed of approximately 8.6 feet per minute. As shown in FIG. 1(b), rollers 14 were immersed halfway, i.e., up to a point approximately at the center of their axis of rotation, in water bath 15. Care was taken to insure that the nip was essentially free from water carryover, e.g., by the employment of squeegee rollers and- /or air knives, for example (not illustrated). The base polypropylene web was calendered to a thickness of approximately 26.5 mils after passage through rollers 14 and emerged from the nip of rollers 14 at a point below the water level of bath 15. Water bath 15 was maintained at a temperature of about 65 F. One of the rollers 14 was provided with a pair of circumferentially extending recesses on the surface thereof which accommodate the edge beads along the longitudinal edges of the base web and serve to more definitely define such beads as illustrated in FIG. 1(c) before the'base polypropylene web was submerged in quench tank 16. The quenched, extruded base web was fed around roller 17 located near the bottom of quench tank 16 through take off rollers 18 and into preheat tunnel 19. The temperature of the infrared energy sources employed within the preheat tunnel was approximately 750 F. and the film temperature as the film emerged from the exit end of the preheat tunnel prior to entry thereof into tenter 20 was approximately 298 F. The preheat tunnel l9 utilized infrared radiation as a heat source having heaters both above and below the base web. The heaters are designed to provide more radiant energy to the edge beads which have a larger mass than the center web. As the base polypropylene web entered zone 1 of tenter 64, the longitudinal edge beads on the web were grasped by the edge restraining mechanism illustrated in FIG. 4. As more clearly illustrated in FIG. 1, the polypropylene base web was immediately stretched in a transverse direction upon entry into tenter 64 by reason of the divergence of the edge restraining mechanisms 52. The air temperature within tenter 20 was maintained at approximately 377 F. and the polypropylene base web was stretched in zone 1 of tenter 20 by a ratio of approximately 8:1. As shown in FIG. 2, in zone 2 of tenter 20, i.e., the zone in'w hich machine, i.e., longitudinal, direction orientation'is'impartedto the transversely stretched base web emerging from zone 1 of tenter 64, the edge restraining mechanism 52 assume a substantially parallel relationship whereby no additional significant transverse direction stretch is imparted to the transversely stretched film. The film was stretched longitudinally in zone 2 by a ratio of 6:1. The final gauge of the biaxially oriented polypropylene film product was approximately 0.6 mils.

In the following examples, i.e. Examples 11,- III and IV, various other polypropylene resins, identified by their manufacturers as Tenite 422D (Example ll); Profax PC 493 (Example III); and Shell 5520F (Example IV) were extruded and oriented following the procedure as described in Example I. The same extrusion,

quench and orientation apparatus were used in each of the examples. The extrusion, quench and orientation process conditions employed for Examples II, III and IV are outlined in following Table II. Table I lists the Although the present invention has been described with respect to a preferred embodiment, it is to be understood that modifications and variations may be resorted to, without departing from the spirit and scope physical properties of the resins employed in Examples of this invention, as those skilled in the art will readily II, III and IV. understand. Such variations and modifications are con- TABTJE I T u Crystal- Vicai. line Iiihersolt melting 011i. Moli'celliiig Melt point, visulal' Density point Resin index F.) cosity weight, (g.lcc.) F.)

Ttilile 422 1) F (Ex. II) 2. 7 318 1.6 110, 000 0. 902 a lrofax PC 403 (Ex. III) 2. s 333 a. 4 345, 000 0. 004 306 Shell 552 OF (Ex. IV). 4. 2 333 2. 0 410,000 0. 005 305 TABLE II sidered to be within the urview and sco e of the a P P P Tenite Profax Shell pended 4221) PC 493 5520F What is claimed is: lfi; i}; l f 20 1. An apparatus for stretching a film web having Extruder Barrel Temperature beaded edges comprising a single chamber, said single i'g g (P 400 400 chamber allowing for the maintenance of a uniform l'g i' gf oifi me 450 450 390 temperature within said chamber; web feed rollers ad- Ext d H s u (P 1300 9 2875 jacent the entrance end of said chamber, and outlet gfifigfi gg n ffii gg 'g t 46 57 58 web pull rollers adjacent the opposite end of said cham- (F.) 442 443 402 ber, both said rollers within said chamber; means for gzhz z qlr zzflfigg 'g 5 44 44 65 rotating said feed and outlet rollers at differential rates Source Temperature F.) 798 812 802 of speed so that a film web passing through said web Film Temperature on Exit from Preheat Tunnel (on 307 300 297 stretching apparatus is under tension between said feed Air Temperature in Orientation rollers and said outlet rollers; two distinct stretching f 373 372 377 zones within said chamber, a first stretching zone im- Stretch Ratio (Mechanical) aTmnsvem Direction parting transverse stretch to said web and a second Longitudinal Dimclion 1 6-111 5-611 stretching zone imparting longitudinal direction stretch Gauge of Biaxially Oriented Film (mm) 050 Q 44 059 to said web; means to restrain the beaded edges of said web, said restraining means being further characterized The following Table ill is a tabulation of the physical as comprising a stationary member and a member properties f h bi i ll i d fil products moveable in relation to the top of said web, such memduced in accord with the method of the present invenbers being positioned so as to restrain the beaded edges ri n of said web; means to diverge said edge vrestraining AB E I means and thereby transversely stretch said web in said T L first zone; and means to maintain said edge restraining Physical Properties of Biaxially Oriented means substantially parallel in said second zone. Polypropylene Film Produced in Accordance with the 2. A web stretching apparatus as claimed in claim 1 Procedure of: wherein said means to restrain the edges of said web Example Example Example Exampk 45 comprises a plurality of idler rollers each of which is a 1 n m w free to rotate about a fixed point, said idler rollers Modului MID-512 M9487 M13491 bein ositioned in two rows in diver nt elatio i (psi x 10- T0454 ro-svo TD-468 'rn-4sl g p P Elonsmionn 5g MD 41 MD 47 g t0 the longitudinal axis of the WCb being stretched, f0|- Ll BDZ-Zg 160 2; 160 -2 BD IZ lowed by two rows of said idler rollers which are in a lflfQTJff" e T0121 5 3:233 i248 T131202 50 substantially parallel relationship to the longitudinal Impact Strength axis of the web being stretched; two series of continugz j g ally advancing plate members in nipping engagement 7 ,9 M first with said divergent idler rollers and then with said 8L0 substantially parallel idler rollers; and means for placf ig r ing said idler rollers into nipping engagement with said D4003 advancing plate members so as to nip said edges of said "D-2457-6ST web between said idler rollers and said advancing plate MD refers to machine direction b TD refers to transverse direction cm-kg/ml refers to centimeter-kilograms per millimeter a a: 

1. An apparatus for stretching a film web having beaded edges comprising a single chamber, said single chamber allowing for the maintenance of a uniform temperature within said chamber; web feed rollers adjacent the entrance end of said chamber, and outlet web pull rollers adjacent the opposite end of said chamber, both said rollers within said chamber; means for rotating said feed and outlet rollers at differential rates of speed so that a film web passing through said web stretching apparatus is under tension between said feed rollers and said outlet rollers; two distinct stretching zones within said chamber, a first stretching zone imparting transverse stretch to said web and a second stretching zone imparting longitudinal direction stretch to said web; means to restrain the beaded edges of said web, said restraining means being further characterized as comprising a stationary member and a member moveable in relation to the top of said web, such members being positioned so as to restrain the beaded edges of said web; means to diverge said edge restraining means and thereby transversely stretch said web in said first zone; and means to maintain said edge restraining means substantially parallel in said second zone.
 2. A web stretching apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein said means to restrain the edges of said web comprises a plurality of idler rollers each of which is free to rotate about a fixed point, said idler rollers being positioned in two rows in divergent relationship to the longitudinal axis of the web being stretched, followed by two rows of said idler rollers which are in a substantially parallel relationship to the longitudinal axis of the web being stretched; two series of continually advancing plate members in nipping engagement first with said divergent idler rollers and then with said substantially parallel idler rollers; and means for placing said idler rollers into nipping engagement with said advancing plate members so as to nip said edges of said web between said idler rollers and said advancing plate members. 